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Bathurst is often referred to as the Gold Country as it was the site of the first gold discovery and where the first gold rush occurred in Australia. Today education, tourism and manufacturing drive the economy.
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The internationally known racetrack Mount Panorama is a landmark of the city. Bathurst has a historic city centre with many ornate buildings remaining from the gold rush period of the mid to late 19th century. The median age of the city's population is 35 years; which is particularly young for a regional centre the state median is 38 , and is related to the large education sector in the community.
Bathurst is located on the western edge of the Great Dividing Range in the Macquarie River plain ; also known as the Bathurst plains. The city is protected by a levee bank to protect the city from occasional flood events. Mount Panorama is located 3 kilometres 1.
Bathurst is about mid-way along a regional road route from Canberra and Goulburn to Mudgee and the Hunter Region. Four road bridges and two rail bridges span the river within the city area.
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Two physical components comprise the Bathurst region; the Bathurst Basin and the Tablelands areas. The central basin area of the Bathurst area is mainly granite soils while in the north area sandstone , conglomerates , greywacke , siltstones , limestones and minor volcanos predominate. The south is more complex geology with siltstones, sandstones, greywacke, shales and chert , basalt and granite intrusions and embedded volcanic and limestones.
Underlying Bathurst is the dominant feature of Bathurst granite intruded in the Devonian period and at Mount Panorama and Mount Stewart basalt occurs. Bathurst is in Australia's cool temperate climate zone which is defined as having mild to warm summers and cool to cold winters.
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These storms rarely strike the city and instead often move either in a south east or north east direction away from Bathurst [13] Bathurst gets In winter, light to moderate snowfalls regularly occur each year on the higher peaks around Bathurst, whilst snow is relatively uncommon in the city itself—although it does occur most years. On 11 February , Bathurst Ag recorded a new record high temperature of However, this reading did not even slightly compare to Bathurst Gaol's The CBD is about 25 hectares 62 acres in area and covers two city blocks.
Banking, government services, shopping centres, retail shops, a park shown and monuments are in this area. Bathurst has retained a mix of main street shopping along with enclosed shopping centres within the CBD, unlike other towns where the CBD focus has split between main street and new shopping centre developments located in the suburbs. Within the CBD lies Kings Parade; this is a park setting with several memorials of people and events in history. It is a popular location for locals to meet. Keppel Street is Bathurst's second commercial shopping area, removed from the CBD by two blocks to the south.
This area developed once the railway arrived in One of the newer suburbs is Marsden Estate, in Kelso. Bathurst's place in Australia's history is evidenced by the large number of landmark monuments, buildings, and parks. In the centre of the city is a square known as Kings Parade. Originally a market area from to [ citation needed ] , it was redesignated as a public recreation ground and site for a soldiers memorial. Kings Parade now contains three memorials, an open space park and gardens. The Bathurst War Memorial Carillon is a The Carillon is a memorial to the soldiers who lost their lives in the two World Wars.
The bell tower contains 49 cast bronze bells that are rung daily at lunchtime, and an eternal flame on the platform level of the structure. Completed in , the memorial commemorates the discovery of the Bathurst Plains in by George Evans , Assistant Surveyor of Lands. The Boer War memorial stands at the southern end of Kings Parade. This memorial was unveiled in by Lord Kitchener. The Bathurst region was originally occupied by the Wiradjuri Aboriginal people. The government surveyor, George Evans , was the first European to sight the Bathurst Plains in , following the first successful European crossing of the Blue Mountains in the same year.
The first road to cross the Blue Mountains was 3. Governor Macquarie surveyed the finished road in April by driving his carriage across it from Sydney to Bathurst. The Governor commended Cox and stated that the project would have taken three years if it had been done under a contract.
On 7 May , Governor Macquarie at the terminus of Cox's Road raised the flag , ordered a ceremonial volley to be fired and proclaimed and named the future town of Bathurst after the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst. It was intended to be the administrative centre of the western plains of New South Wales, where orderly colonial settlement was planned. Local Wiradjuri groups under leaders such as Windradyne resisted the settlers until the Frontier Wars of the early s ended the open conflict. It is in today's suburb of Kelso.
Ten men were granted 20 hectares 50 acres ; five were men born in the colony and five were immigrants. In , Governor Macquarie stated in his diary:. This morning I inspected 10 new settlers for Bathurst. I have agreed to grant each 50 acres of land, a servant , a cow, four bushels [ litres] of wheat, an allotment in the new town, and to receive into the King's Store at Bathurst all the Wheat they can grow for the first 12 months.
In the early years of settlement, Bathurst was a base for many of the early explorers of the NSW inland, including George Evans in , John Oxley in —, Allan Cunningham in , and Thomas Mitchell during the s. Flecks of gold were first discovered in the Fish River in February , but it was 12 February in a Bathurst Hotel when Edward Hargraves announced the discovery of payable gold.
Soon, gold was found at Ophir later Sofala and Hill End in the s. At its peak had a population of 7 people. Hill End's fame is the finding of the 'Holtermann Specimen Correctly the Beyers Holtermann Specimen ' on 20 October being the largest single mass of gold ever discovered in the world, a record that still stands today. Holtermann recognizing the significance of the find attempted to preserve it by buying it from the Company of which he was one of a number of directors. His efforts were in vain. It is reported that a larger mass was discovered a few days later in the same mine but was broken up underground.
Absolutely reliant on Gold, the towns decline was dramatic once the Gold ran out before the s. Photo: Hotlermann with the Beyers-Holterman Specimen [26]. In the s, the town of Bathurst began to boom. Bathurst was to become the first gold centre of Australia. The nearby gold localities would transport their gold to Bathurst [24] then to Sydney. The mail and gold transport coaches became an obvious target for bushrangers , which became a major problem for the authorities.
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The Ribbon Gang and the Bathurst Rebellion occurred in , when a large group of over 80 convicts roamed the Bathurst district. They were eventually captured and charged with murder, bushranging and horse-thieving. On 2 November , ten members of the Ribbon Boys were hanged in Bathurst for their crimes.
In October , a gang of five including Hall raided Bathurst, robbing a jeweller's shop, bailed up the Sportsmans Arms Hotel and tried to steal a racehorse. They returned three days later and held up more businesses. John Peisley, another bushranger, was tried and hanged for murder at Bathurst Gaol in Bathurst's economy was transformed by the discovery of gold in One illustration of the prosperity gold brought to Bathurst is the growth and status of hotels and inns. The first licensed inn within the township was opened in , the Highland Laddie.
At the peak of hotel activity in , coinciding with the gold rush period, there were 61 operating concurrently. A total of 89 hotel locations have been identified in the town of Bathurst, with operating in the immediate district during the course of the history in Bathurst. Initially many pubs were simply a cottage with stables.
As prosperity increased during the gold rush, the Hotels became typical of architecture of pubs known today. The business provided gold escorts, mail services and passenger services to the towns and rural settlements. Bathurst later became the centre of an important coal-mining and manufacturing region. The Main Western railway line from Sydney reached Bathurst in From that time, the town became an important railway centre with workshops, crew base with locomotive depot and track and signal engineering offices.
It remains today as the railway regional engineering headquarters with a large rail component manufacturing facility. The heritage listed Bathurst Courthouse , a predominant landmark of the city centre, was constructed in based on designs by the New South Wales Colonial and Government architects , James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon. In , Bathurst had a population of about 8, and an additional 20, people in the district. The town in was a hub for stores such as E. This period is characterised by periods of slow to moderate population growth, with industrial and education industries developing and technology and services delivered to the town.
Several major infrastructure developments arrive such as distributed town gas , electricity , town water supplies, and a sewage treatment system.
Town gas had arrived in Bathurst courtesy of a private venture in , with the Council providing a competing network from On 30 June , the Council purchased the Wark Bros gas system and combined the gas networks. The old gasworks plant on Russell Street now out of use was built in Sewage treatment was an early infrastructure project funded by the state government and built in Eventually a waterworks was built to the south of the town on the river with the water pumped through piping laid progressively to the businesses and private dwellings.
In , work started on the 1, ML Winburndale Dam project to gravity feed water through a wood stave pipe laid to the town. Later, a new larger water supply dam was built on the Campbells River. It was opened in November An ambulance service commenced on 6 June with a new Hudson ambulance. The early electronic media age arrived with the opening of commercial radio station 2BS on 1 January Bathurst Aerodrome was opened in , initially to benefit the war effort providing parking for aircraft overflowing from Richmond air force base.
A famous Australian brand name of frozen foods began in Bathurst. Robert Gordon Edgell arrived in Bathurst in Many attempts were made to start a University College, the earliest attempts were through to when real progress was made with plans for a state teachers college. The first intake of teacher students came at the beginning of with the official opening on 9 November The college has transformed over time into the Mitchell College of Advanced Education on 1 January Bathurst was one of the locations to campaign to be the site of the new Federal Capital.
In an essay prepared by a journalist with the Bathurst Times , Price Warung, [41] in to promote Bathurst's candidacy, he responds to the Federal committees key requirements for the capital to have: centrality and accessibility of situation, salubrity, and capacity for impregnable defence. An Army camp was established at Bathurst in early and was intended for the Second Australian Imperial Force 's 1st Armoured Division , although it was later converted to an infantry training centre due to the unsuitability of the closely settled area to armoured training. Following the war, this camp was converted to a migrant reception and training centre.